Physical Science
Chemical Reactions in Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration in plants and animals involve chemical reactions with oxygen that release stored energy. In these processes, complex molecules containing carbon react with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and other materials. (secondary to MS-LS1-7)
Atoms and Elements
Substances are made from different types of atoms, which combine with one another in various ways. Atoms form molecules that range in size from two to thousands of atoms. (MS-PS1-1)
DocDuck: Atoms and Elements
States of Matter and their Structure
In a liquid, the molecules are constantly in contact with others; in a gas, they are widely spaced except when they happen to collide. In a solid, atoms are closely spaced and may vibrate in position but do not change relative locations. (MS-PS1-4)
Save the Fish
Wave Model of Light
A wave model of light is useful for explaining brightness, color, and the frequency-dependent bending of light at a surface between media. (MS-PS4-2)
Reflection, Absorption, and Transmission of Light
When light shines on an object, it is reflected, absorbed, or transmitted through the object, depending on the object’s material and the frequency (color) of the light. (MS-PS4-2)
Laser Lab Simulator! 🤖📡🔋
Flow of Thermal Energy
Energy is spontaneously transferred out of hotter regions or objects and into colder ones. (MS-PS3-3)
Waves and Their Properties
A simple wave has a repeating pattern with a specific wavelength, frequency, and amplitude. (MS-PS4-1)
Wave Adventure
Digital Signals
Digitized signals (sent as wave pulses) are a more reliable way to encode and transmit information. (MS-PS4-3)
Electric and Magnetic Forces
Electric and magnetic (electromagnetic) forces can be attractive or repulsive, and their sizes depend on the magnitudes of the charges, currents, or magnetic strengths involved and on the distances between the interacting objects. (MS-PS2-3)
Magna's Magnets
Force Fields
Forces that act at a distance (electric, magnetic, and gravitational) can be explained by fields that extend through space and can be mapped by their effect on a test object (a charged object, or a ball, respectively). (MS-PS2-5)
Conservation of Matter in Chemical Reactions
The total number of each type of atom is conserved, and thus the mass does not change. (MS-PS1-5)
Electromagnetic Waves vs. Mechanical Waves
However, because light can travel through space, it cannot be a matter wave, like sound or water waves. (MS-PS4-2)
Wave Lab
Chemical Reactions: Arrangements of Atoms
Substances react chemically in characteristic ways. In a chemical process, the atoms that make up the original substances are regrouped into different molecules, and these new substances have different properties from those of the reactants. (MS-PS1-2),(MS-PS1-3),(MS-PS1-5)
Relationship Between Energy And Forces
When two objects interact, each one exerts a force on the other that can cause energy to be transferred to or from the object. (MS-PS3-2)
Marbles and Forces
Potential Energy
A system of objects may also contain stored (potential) energy, depending on their relative positions. (MS-PS3-2)
Cave Adventure: A Potential Energy Story
Chemical Reactions in Photosynthesis
The chemical reaction by which plants produce complex food molecules (sugars) requires an energy input (i.e., from sunlight) to occur. In this reaction, carbon dioxide and water combine to form carbon-based organic molecules and release oxygen. (secondary to MS-LS1-6)
Ms. Rose & Photosynthetic Robots!
Equal and Opposite Reactions: Newton's Third Law
For any pair of interacting objects, the force exerted by the first object on the second object is equal in strength to the force that the second object exerts on the first, but in the opposite direction (Newton’s third law). (MS-PS2-1)
Newton Ninja
Effects of Temperature and Pressure on State
The changes of state that occur with variations in temperature or pressure can be described and predicted using these models of matter. (MS-PS1-4)
Merlin's Tower (Mid)
Chemical Reactions: Evidence of a Reaction
Substances react chemically in characteristic ways. In a chemical process, the atoms that make up the original substances are regrouped into different molecules, and these new substances have different properties from those of the reactants. (MS-PS1-2),(MS-PS1-3),(MS-PS1-5)
Gravitational Force
Gravitational forces are always attractive. There is a gravitational force between any two masses, but it is very small except when one or both of the objects have large mass e.g., Earth and the sun. (MS-PS2-4)
Angry Birds Return Home - Middle
Temperature, Thermal Energy, and Particle Motion
The temperature of a system is proportional to the average internal kinetic energy and potential energy per atom or molecule (whichever is the appropriate building block for the system’s material). The details of that relationship depend on the type of atom or molecule and the interactions among the atoms in the material. Temperature is not a direct measure of a system's total thermal energy. The total thermal energy (sometimes called the total internal energy) of a system depends jointly on the temperature, the total number of atoms in the system, and the state of the material. (secondary to MS-PS1-4)
Molecules and Compounds
Substances are made from different types of atoms, which combine with one another in various ways. Atoms form molecules that range in size from two to thousands of atoms. (MS-PS1-1)
Molecule Maker
Factors Influencing Motion : Newton's First and Second Laws
The motion of an object is determined by the sum of the forces acting on it; if the total force on the object is not zero, its motion will change. The greater the mass of the object, the greater the force needed to achieve the same change in motion. For any given object, a larger force causes a larger change in motion. (MS-PS2-2)
Newton's Golf Island
Temperature and Total Energy
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles of matter. The relationship between the temperature and the total energy of a system depends on the types, states, and amounts of matter present. (MS-PS3-3),(MS-PS3-4)
Solids
Solids may be formed from molecules, or they may be extended structures with repeating subunits (e.g., crystals). (MS-PS1-1)
Changing Temperature
The amount of energy transfer needed to change the temperature of a matter sample by a given amount depends on the nature of the matter, the size of the sample, and the environment. (MS-PS3-4)
Gases and Liquids
Gases and liquids are made of molecules or inert atoms that are moving about relative to each other. (MS-PS1-4)
Purrfect Potions
Reference Frames and Scale Units
All positions of objects and the directions of forces and motions must be described in an arbitrarily chosen reference frame and arbitrarily chosen units of size. In order to share information with other people, these choices must also be shared. (MS-PS2-2)
Fun System: Reference Frames
Heat as Energy Transfer
The term heat as used in everyday language refers both to thermal energy (the motion of atoms or molecules within a substance) and the transfer of that thermal energy from one object to another. In science, heat is used only for this second meaning; it refers to the energy transferred due to the temperature difference between two objects. (secondary to MS-PS1-4)
Pure Substances
Each pure substance has characteristic physical and chemical properties (for any bulk quantity under given conditions) that can be used to identify it. (MS-PS1-2),(MS-PS1-3)
Chemical Facility
Kinetic Energy
Motion energy is properly called kinetic energy; it is proportional to the mass of the moving object and grows with the square of its speed. (MS-PS3-1)
Angry Birds: Kinetic Power
Transmission and Refraction of Light
The path that light travels can be traced as straight lines, except at surfaces between different transparent materials (e.g., air and water, air and glass) where the light path bends. (MS-PS4-2)
Guiding Lights
Energy Transfer in Chemical Reactions
Some chemical reactions release energy, others store energy. (MS-PS1-6)
Conservation of Energy
When the motion energy of an object changes, there is inevitably some other change in energy at the same time. (MS-PS3-5)
Sound Waves
A sound wave needs a medium through which it is transmitted. (MS-PS4-2)
